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What Causes High Blood Pressure?
There are several things that can contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension). Doctors classify it using two categories:
Primary Hypertension (Essential Hypertension)High blood pressure that has no known cause is called primary, or essential, hypertension. This is the most common type of high blood pressure. It develops slowly, and often people with primary hypertension have few or no symptoms. Genetics (a family history of high blood pressure) and unhealthy lifestyle habits can increase your risk of developing this type of high blood pressure.
Secondary HypertensionHigh blood pressure that can be linked to a specific medical condition or activity is called secondary hypertension. There are several things that can cause secondary hypertension, including:
It is possible to have both primary and secondary hypertension. For example, a person who has primary hypertension may notice that their blood pressure gets worse after they start taking certain medications.
How To Lower Your High Blood Pressure Naturally
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, affects nearly half of American adults and significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. While medication often becomes necessary for managing severe hypertension, research consistently demonstrates that natural approaches can substantially reduce blood pressure for many individuals. In some cases, these lifestyle modifications can even eliminate the need for pharmaceutical intervention altogether.
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (the top number representing pressure during heart contraction) and diastolic pressure (the bottom number representing pressure between beats). Normal blood pressure falls below 120/80 mmHg, while readings above 130/80 mmHg indicate hypertension.
The good news for those with elevated readings is that numerous evidence-based, natural strategies exist for lowering blood pressure effectively. These approaches can be implemented alongside medical treatment or, with healthcare provider approval, potentially replace medication for some individuals with mild to moderate hypertension.
Optimize sodium intake and overall nutritionDietary modifications represent one of the most powerful natural interventions for managing hypertension. The relationship between sodium consumption and blood pressure has been extensively researched, with clear evidence that reducing sodium intake lowers blood pressure for many people, particularly those classified as "salt-sensitive."
The average American consumes approximately 3,400mg of sodium daily, significantly exceeding the American Heart Association's recommended maximum of 2,300mg (with an ideal target of 1,500mg for most adults). Research indicates that reducing sodium intake by just 1,000mg daily can lower systolic blood pressure by 5-6 mmHg in salt-sensitive individuals.
Implementing sodium reduction involves more than simply avoiding the salt shaker. Approximately 70% of dietary sodium comes from processed and restaurant foods rather than salt added during home cooking or at the table. Reading nutrition labels becomes essential, as does prioritizing whole foods over processed options.
Beyond sodium reduction, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating pattern has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness for lowering blood pressure naturally. This approach emphasizes abundant fruits and vegetables (8-10 servings daily), whole grains rather than refined carbohydrates, lean proteins including fish, poultry, and plant-based options, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, and limited added sugars and red meat.
Research shows the DASH diet can reduce systolic blood pressure by 8-14 mmHg, comparable to the effect of some blood pressure medications. The diet's effectiveness stems from its high content of potassium, magnesium, and calcium – minerals that actively counterbalance sodium's hypertensive effects.
Potassium deserves special attention as sodium's natural antagonist in blood pressure regulation. Foods rich in potassium – including bananas, avocados, potatoes, spinach, and beans – help the body eliminate excess sodium and relax blood vessel walls, directly lowering pressure. Clinical studies demonstrate that increasing potassium intake can reduce systolic blood pressure by 4-5 mmHg in hypertensive individuals.
Establish consistent physical activityRegular exercise stands as one of the most effective natural interventions for managing hypertension, with benefits extending beyond blood pressure reduction to overall cardiovascular health. Aerobic activities like walking, swimming, cycling, and dancing have consistently demonstrated blood pressure-lowering effects in research studies.
The physiological mechanisms behind exercise's benefits include strengthening the heart muscle (allowing it to pump more efficiently), reducing arterial stiffness and improving vessel elasticity, promoting healthier body composition (especially reducing visceral fat), improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, and reducing systemic inflammation which contributes to hypertension.
Research indicates that regular aerobic exercise can lower systolic blood pressure by 5-8 mmHg. For optimal results, aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity weekly, ideally spread throughout the week rather than concentrated in one or two sessions.
Strength training complements aerobic exercise by building muscle mass, which improves metabolic health and supports better body composition. Studies show resistance training can independently lower blood pressure by 2-4 mmHg when performed 2-3 times weekly.
The blood pressure benefits of exercise begin quickly, with measurable improvements often appearing within 1-3 weeks of establishing a consistent routine. These effects are dose-dependent but reach a plateau, meaning some exercise provides substantial benefits compared to none, with diminishing returns beyond certain volumes.
For those new to exercise or managing multiple health conditions, starting with brief, low-intensity sessions and gradually increasing duration and intensity produces the best results and minimizes injury risk. Even short walking sessions throughout the day provide meaningful blood pressure benefits when performed consistently.
Manage stress effectivelyThe connection between psychological stress and hypertension has been well-established through decades of research. When we experience stress, the body releases hormones like cortisol and adrenaline that trigger the "fight-or-flight" response, temporarily raising blood pressure by increasing heart rate and constricting blood vessels.
While acute stress causes temporary blood pressure elevation, chronic stress can lead to sustained hypertension through several mechanisms. These include persistent elevation of stress hormones, development of unhealthy coping mechanisms (excess alcohol, poor dietary choices), sleep disruption which independently affects blood pressure, increased systemic inflammation, and blood vessel remodeling that maintains higher pressure.
Various stress management techniques have demonstrated effectiveness for lowering blood pressure in clinical studies:
Mindfulness meditation has shown particularly impressive results, with research indicating regular practice can reduce systolic blood pressure by 5-8 mmHg in hypertensive individuals. This practice involves focusing attention on the present moment without judgment, often by concentrating on the breath or bodily sensations.
Deep breathing exercises directly counter the physiological stress response by activating the parasympathetic nervous system (the "rest and digest" system). Techniques like diaphragmatic breathing, where you inhale deeply through the nose and exhale slowly through the mouth, can reduce blood pressure within minutes during practice and lead to sustained improvements with regular implementation.
Progressive muscle relaxation, which involves systematically tensing and releasing different muscle groups, effectively reduces physical tension associated with stress. Research demonstrates this technique can lower systolic blood pressure by 5-7 mmHg when practiced regularly.
Regular engagement with enjoyable activities – whether creative pursuits, time in nature, or social connection – provides fundamental stress resilience that supports healthier blood pressure. These activities reduce cortisol levels and promote production of beneficial neurochemicals that counteract stress physiology.
Prioritize quality sleepSleep quality and quantity significantly impact blood pressure regulation, though this connection remains underappreciated in many discussions of hypertension management. During normal sleep, blood pressure naturally decreases by 10-20% compared to waking levels – a phenomenon called "nocturnal dipping" that gives the cardiovascular system essential recovery time.
Research consistently shows that insufficient sleep (less than 7 hours nightly for most adults) or poor quality sleep correlates with higher blood pressure and increased hypertension risk. Multiple mechanisms explain this relationship: disrupted regulation of stress hormones (particularly cortisol), increased sympathetic nervous system activity (the "fight-or-flight" system), elevated inflammation throughout the body, impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and disruption of circadian rhythms that regulate blood pressure patterns.
Improving sleep duration and quality can significantly reduce blood pressure. Studies demonstrate that addressing sleep problems can lower systolic pressure by 3-5 mmHg in hypertensive individuals. Important sleep hygiene practices include:
Maintaining consistent sleep and wake times that align with your natural circadian rhythm strengthens the body's internal clock, which regulates numerous physiological processes including blood pressure fluctuations.
Creating an optimal sleep environment – dark, quiet, cool (around 65-68°F/18-20°C), and free from electronic devices – promotes deeper and more restorative sleep stages that enhance blood pressure regulation.
Limiting exposure to screens and bright light for at least 60 minutes before bedtime helps maintain proper melatonin production, the hormone that signals sleep onset and supports healthy sleep architecture.
Establishing a relaxing pre-sleep routine signals to your body that it's time to transition from wakefulness to sleep. Activities might include gentle stretching, reading, warm bathing, or meditation.
For those with sleep apnea, a condition strongly linked to hypertension, diagnosis and treatment proves essential for blood pressure management. This disorder, characterized by repeated breathing interruptions during sleep, affects approximately 25% of adults with hypertension and often goes undiagnosed.
Maintain healthy body compositionThe relationship between excess weight and hypertension has been extensively documented, with research indicating that approximately 65-75% of hypertension cases are directly associated with excess adiposity (body fat). This connection becomes particularly significant regarding visceral fat – the deep abdominal fat surrounding internal organs.
Weight loss represents one of the most effective natural interventions for lowering blood pressure in those carrying excess weight. Research consistently demonstrates that losing just 5-10% of body weight can reduce systolic blood pressure by 5-20 mmHg in hypertensive individuals, with greater reductions typically seen with larger weight losses.
Several physiological mechanisms explain how excess weight contributes to hypertension: increased cardiac output required to supply blood to additional tissue, hormonal changes from adipose tissue that promote blood pressure elevation, increased inflammation throughout the vascular system, physical compression of kidneys by visceral fat affecting fluid and pressure regulation, and development of insulin resistance which directly impacts blood pressure.
Achieving healthier body composition through sustainable methods proves more effective than rapid weight loss for long-term blood pressure management. Approaches that focus on gradual, consistent progress through combined dietary modification and increased physical activity show the greatest success rates.
Body composition improvements beyond weight loss also benefit blood pressure regulation. Increasing lean muscle mass through resistance training while reducing fat mass creates metabolic advantages that support healthier blood pressure, even when total weight changes appear modest.
For those with substantial weight to lose, setting interim goals can make the process more manageable while still providing meaningful blood pressure improvements. Even modest progress toward healthier body composition yields cardiovascular benefits that extend beyond hypertension management.
Moderate alcohol and eliminate tobaccoAlcohol consumption demonstrates a complex relationship with blood pressure. While some research suggests very light drinking (particularly of red wine) might offer mild cardiovascular benefits for certain populations, the relationship with blood pressure specifically shows that less is better.
Regular alcohol consumption above moderate levels directly raises blood pressure through several mechanisms: stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (increasing heart rate and vessel constriction), impairment of baroreceptor sensitivity (sensors that regulate blood pressure), increased cortisol production and other hormonal changes, disruption of calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, and dehydration that affects blood volume and concentration.
Research indicates limiting alcohol to no more than one drink daily for women and two for men (or less) helps maintain healthier blood pressure. Those already diagnosed with hypertension often see more significant benefits from further reduction or elimination. Studies show that excessive drinkers who reduce consumption can lower systolic blood pressure by 5-7 mmHg.
Tobacco use, whether through smoking or smokeless products, causes immediate and lasting blood pressure elevation. Nicotine stimulates adrenaline release, increasing heart rate and constricting blood vessels. Additionally, tobacco damages blood vessel linings, reducing their elasticity and promoting atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries).
Complete tobacco cessation provides substantial blood pressure benefits, with improvements beginning within days and continuing for weeks as the cardiovascular system recovers. Former smokers typically see systolic pressure reductions of 2-4 mmHg after quitting, with additional cardiovascular benefits accumulating over time.
Incorporate specific supplements with cautionWhile dietary changes provide the foundation for natural blood pressure management, certain supplements have demonstrated modest but measurable benefits in scientific research. These should be considered complementary to fundamental lifestyle modifications rather than replacements.
Magnesium supplementation shows promise for hypertension management, particularly for individuals with suboptimal dietary intake. This mineral helps regulate blood vessel tone and supports proper muscle function, including cardiac muscle. Studies indicate supplementation with 300-500mg daily can reduce systolic blood pressure by 2-5 mmHg in some individuals. Food sources include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a compound involved in cellular energy production, demonstrates modest blood pressure-lowering effects in some research. A meta-analysis of clinical trials found that supplementation with 100-200mg daily reduced systolic pressure by an average of 17 mmHg in hypertensive individuals, though results vary considerably between studies.
Aged garlic extract contains compounds that may improve blood vessel elasticity and reduce inflammation. Research suggests a dosage of 600-1,200mg daily might lower systolic pressure by 5-8 mmHg in hypertensive individuals over 8-12 weeks of consistent use.
Potassium supplements generally prove less effective than obtaining this mineral through food sources and carry risks of adverse effects, particularly for those with kidney problems or taking certain medications. Dietary sources like bananas, potatoes, leafy greens, and beans provide potassium in forms the body utilizes effectively.
Important cautions regarding supplementation include: always consult healthcare providers before beginning supplements (especially if taking prescription medications), choose reputable products with third-party testing for quality assurance, start with lower doses and increase gradually to assess tolerance, and recognize that supplements cannot replace fundamental lifestyle modifications.
Monitor progress properlyProper blood pressure measurement and tracking proves essential for evaluating the effectiveness of natural interventions. Home monitoring, when done correctly, provides valuable data beyond occasional clinic measurements and helps identify patterns related to specific lifestyle factors.
For accurate home measurements:
Use a validated upper-arm cuff device rather than wrist or finger monitors, which generally provide less reliable readings. Ensure proper cuff size – too small yields falsely high readings, while too large gives falsely low readings.
Measure at consistent times daily, ideally morning (before medication if prescribed) and evening. Sit quietly for 5 minutes before measurement, with back supported, feet flat on floor, and arm supported at heart level.
Take 2-3 readings one minute apart and record the average. Tracking these measurements over time reveals trends more meaningful than individual readings, which naturally fluctuate.
Share home monitoring records with healthcare providers, who can help interpret patterns and adjust treatment plans accordingly. This collaborative approach often leads to better blood pressure management than relying solely on clinic measurements.
Integration and personalizationThe natural approaches described above work most effectively when implemented together rather than in isolation. Research consistently demonstrates that combining multiple lifestyle modifications produces more significant blood pressure reductions than equivalent effort focused on a single strategy.
For instance, the DASH diet combined with regular physical activity and stress management techniques can lower systolic blood pressure by 15-20 mmHg in many individuals with hypertension – equivalent to the effect of some prescription medications.
Individual responses to these interventions vary considerably based on genetic factors, underlying health conditions, current medication use, and physiological differences. This variation emphasizes the importance of:
Monitoring progress through regular blood pressure measurements to identify which approaches provide the greatest benefit for your specific situation.
Working with healthcare providers to integrate natural strategies with conventional treatment when necessary. Many physicians support reducing medication dosages as natural approaches demonstrate effectiveness.
Recognizing that hypertension management typically requires lifelong commitment to healthy habits rather than short-term interventions. Sustainable approaches that fit realistically into your lifestyle provide greater long-term benefits than more intensive but temporary changes.
By implementing these evidence-based natural strategies consistently, many individuals can achieve significant improvements in blood pressure without medication or with reduced pharmaceutical intervention. This integrated approach addresses the root causes of hypertension rather than simply managing symptoms, potentially offering more comprehensive cardiovascular protection over time.
How To Lower Diastolic Blood Pressure
Several lifestyle changes, medications, and alternative therapies can help you lower your diastolic blood pressure and reduce your risk of complications. Having a high diastolic blood pressure, especially in combination with a high systolic blood pressure (the force exerted while your heart is actively pumping blood), increases your risk of heart disease.
Studies show that a variety of heart-healthy lifestyle changes can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure—thereby also reducing your risk of heart disease. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends the following four lifestyle practices that can lower blood pressure, reduce heart disease, and help manage weight, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels. Exercising Getting regular exercise and physical activity throughout the week can help lower your diastolic blood pressure. In one review, people who exercised most days of the week had a diastolic blood pressure of 5 to 6 points lower than those who did not participate in physical activity. Experts recommend exercising for at least 30 minutes a day for five days a week. To help you reach this goal, it's beneficial to choose physical activities you enjoy. These activities may include walking, dancing, playing tennis, swimming, or biking. Adding workouts to your daily schedule and exercising with loved ones can also help you stay motivated. Eating a Heart-Healthy Diet Another way to lower diastolic blood pressure is to eat a heart-healthy diet. A few dietary styles (like the DASH diet and the Mediterranean diet) have been found to lower blood pressure. These diets focus on eating more fiber and potassium and choosing food groups like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, low-fat dairy, and skinless poultry and fish. You can also modify these diets to include many traditional or cultural foods that you enjoy. Limit processed foods and foods that can contain excess salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats. If your blood pressure is a concern for you, talk to your healthcare provider about getting a referral to a nutritionist. They can help you understand how to read ingredient labels and develop a meal plan that works best for your needs. Quitting Smoking Using nicotine, such as smoking cigarettes and vaping, can cause blood pressure spikes. Smoking is a serious risk factor for heart disease. That said, quitting smoking can help reduce blood pressure and lower your risk of heart-related complications. Quitting smoking cold turkey isn't always easy. If you need additional support with this habit, it may help to talk to your healthcare provider or reach out to a mental health professional who specializes in substance use. Getting Good Quality Sleep Studies show that not getting enough sleep or getting poor quality sleep increases your risk of heart disease. During sleep, your systolic and diastolic blood pressure are lower. Not getting enough sleep or having an inconsistent sleep schedule can contribute to adverse health effects, including high blood pressure. For a restorative sleep schedule, aim to get at least 7 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night. If you're experiencing sleep problems or have symptoms of a sleep disorder, contact your healthcare provider to learn more about your symptoms and to see if you're at risk for a condition such as obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia. Your provider can help you find treatments that improve sleep, and thus, lower your diastolic blood pressure. While lifestyle changes are a great way to manage blood pressure at home, sometimes you may need a medication to pair with the modifications you're making. Certain medications can lower your blood pressure, but also reduce the risk of experiencing heart disease and stroke. Some commonly prescribed blood pressure medications include: ACE-inhibitors like Zestril (lisinopril) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) including Cozaar (losartan) and Diovan (valsartan) Calcium channel blockers, which may include Norvasc (amlodipine) and Adipine (nifedipine) Diuretics (water pills) such as Thalitone (chlorthalidone) and Aquazide (hydrochlorothiazide) It's important to take any blood pressure medications that your healthcare provider prescribes to you as directed. Try to also take the medication(s) at the same time each day without missing doses. While complementary medicines don't replace conventional medical treatment, they can play some role in lowering your diastolic blood pressure. Consider the following treatment options: Garlic supplements: While the evidence is mixed, some studies suggest that garlic supplements may help lower diastolic blood pressure Green tea extract: In the short term, green tea extract might help lower overall blood pressure levels Omega-3 fatty acid supplements: Research shows that taking an omega-3 fatty acid supplement (such as fish oil tablets) each day may lower diastolic blood pressure Relaxation techniques: Deep breathing, meditation, and visualization can all help relax your body and lower your blood pressure Yoga: A review found that people who did yoga three times per week lowered their diastolic blood pressure by approximately 6 mmHg over time Keep in mind: supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). If you are interested in trying an herbal supplement, talk to your provider to see if they are safe for you. When you get your blood pressure checked, you'll see two numbers: the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure is the number at the bottom of a blood pressure reading. For example, a standard blood pressure is 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The "80" is your diastolic blood pressure. Your diastolic blood pressure is the amount of force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries (blood vessels) in between heartbeats when your heart is relaxed. Healthcare providers consider a normal diastolic blood pressure to be 80 mmHg. A number higher than 80 could signify a high diastolic blood pressure. High blood pressure is known as the "silent killer" because it doesn't always cause symptoms, but can still be detrimental to your heart health. If you have high blood pressure or are at risk for hypertension, checking your blood pressure at home can be a good way to keep track of it. To take your blood pressure at home, make sure you have a blood pressure device that properly fits your arm. Do not eat, smoke, exercise, or drink caffeine in the 30 minutes before checking your blood pressure, as these can all affect your blood pressure. It's also important to go to the bathroom and empty your bladder before you check your blood pressure. After resting quietly for about five minutes, it's time to take your blood pressure. Sit in a chair with your feet and back supported, and relax your arm on a table so it's at the same level as your heart. Fit your blood pressure cuff over your bare arm (not over a sleeve). Then follow the instructions on your blood pressure device to obtain a proper reading. Keep track of the results in a journal or the notes app on your phone so you can easily show your results to your provider at your next appointment. For reference, the chart below explains what your blood pressure reading means. Blood Pressure Category Systolic Blood Pressure (Top Number) Diastolic Blood Pressure (Bottom Number) Normal Blood Pressure Less than 120 mmHg Less than 80 mmHg Elevated Blood Pressure 120 to 129 mmHg Less than 80 mmHg Stage 1 Hypertension 130 to 139 mmHg 80 to 89 mmHg Stage 2 Hypertension 140 to 179 mmHg 90 to 119 mmHg Hypertensive Crisis 180 mmHg or higher 120 mmHg or higher If you are concerned about your blood pressure, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider to have your blood pressure checked and get advice on how to manage it. Your blood pressure is high and you have any concerning symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, numbness or weakness on one side of the face or body, or difficulty speaking, it's essential to seek medical attention right away. High systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases your risk of heart disease. You can lower your diastolic blood pressure by following a healthy lifestyle through getting regular exercise, eating a heart-healthy diet, avoiding nicotine, and getting good quality sleep. Your healthcare provider can also prescribe medications to help lower your blood pressure. Some complementary therapies like relaxation and yoga can also offer some benefits for reducing blood pressure. Thanks for your feedback! 15 Sources Health.Com uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. American Heart Association. Understanding blood pressure readings. 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