High Blood Pressure: Symptoms & Causes

Research Finds A Direct Communication Path Between The Lungs And The Brain

University of Calgary researchers have discovered the lungs communicate directly with the brain when there is an infection. Findings show the brain plays a critical role in triggering the symptoms of sickness, which may change the way we treat respiratory infections and chronic conditions.

"The lungs are using the same sensors and neurons in the pain pathway to let the brain know there's an infection," says Dr. Bryan Yipp, MD '05, MSc'05, clinician researcher at the Cumming School of Medicine and senior author on the study. "The brain prompts the symptoms associated with sickness; that overall feeling of being unwell, feeling tired and loosing your appetite. The discovery indicates we may have to treat the nervous system as well as the infection."

Prior to this study, conducted in mice, it was thought infections in the lungs and pneumonia induce inflammatory molecules that eventually made their way to the brain through the blood stream. Sickness was thought to be a consequence of the immune system kicking into action. However, findings reveal that sickness results from nervous system activation in the lung.

Understanding the lung-brain dialogue is important for treatment because bacteria that cause lung infections can produce a biofilm, a coating to surround themselves so the nervous system can't see them. That allows the bug to hide out in the lungs for a long time, which may shed light across diverse serious lung infections that are less symptomatic. For example, an unexplained anomaly Yipp witnessed in the intensive care unit (ICU) during COVID. The phenomenon, coined "happy hypoxia," was being recorded in ICUs throughout the world.

"We would have patients whose oxygen levels were extremely low and x-rays confirmed they may need to be put on life support. Yet, when I went to see the patient, they would say I feel fine," says Yipp. "These people were experiencing limited sickness symptoms even though the virus was aggressively damaging their lungs."

Yipp says understanding the lung brain communication pathways may also have broad implications for people with chronic lung infections like cystic fibrosis (CF). Many people with CF have a biofilm bacterium in their lungs and are asymptomatic. They feel okay, but then have a flare where they can become very ill. The reason for the flare can't always be traced.

"It is possible the flare is also neurological that these people live asymptomatically because bacteria are hiding out," says Yipp.

The findings, published in Cell, are the work of an interdisciplinary team including experts in neurobiology, microbiology, immunology, and infectious disease.

"Physician specialties are usually based on individual organs, with pulmonologists caring for the lungs and neurologists caring for the brain. Our study shows the lung is altering the brain and the brain is altering the organ. This intersection of communication is a different way of thinking about disease," says Yipp. "It's all connected to the brain and there are probably even more complex circuits that are happening. We can now think about targeting neurocircuitry along with antibiotics to deal with infections and the sickness they cause."

University of Calgary researchers Drs. Christophe Altier, PhD, Joe Harrison, PhD, and Deborah Kurrasch, PhD, along with Dr. Jaideep Bains, PhD, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, are corresponding authors on the study.

The researchers add there was one more unique finding. Male mice were much sicker than the females even though they had the same bacterial infection. Researchers found that male sickness was more dependent on neuronal communications then females. Yipp says this finding could lend credibility to the so-called "man flu," a colloquial term where men are thought to wildly exaggerate sickness due to respiratory infections. Turns out they may not be exaggerating, after all.

Delhi HC Gives Kejriwal No Interim Relief Against ED Arrest, Custody; Matter To Be Heard On April 3

NEW DELHI: The Delhi High Court on Wednesday refused any interim relief to Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal, who has been arrested by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in an excise policy case and is currently in its custody.

Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma, hearing Kejriwal's plea contending that his arrest and the remand order passed by a trial court were illegal and that he was entitled to be released from custody immediately, said that the probe agency has to be granted an opportunity to file a reply.

"... The respondent has to be granted an opportunity to file a reply, as an opportunity for effective representation, and declining this opportunity would amount to a denial of fair hearing as well as violation of one of the principles of natural justice i.E., audi alteram partem, which is applicable to both the parties and not one, " the court observed.

Appearing for Kejriwal, senior advocate Abhishek Manu Singhvi urged the high court to order his release on Wednesday since his ED custody ends on Thursday, and contended that no reply is required to be filed on behalf of the ED.

In response to this, the court observed that while hearing and deciding a case, it is duty-bound to hear both sides fairly, keeping in mind the principles of natural justice.

"Thus, the reply by the Directorate of Enforcement is essential and crucial to decide the present case, " the judge noted.

Justice Sharma also observed that she cannot presume that the respondent will have no reply to file and will remain bound only by the contentions raised before the trial court.

"Further, any release order from custody will amount to enlarging the accused/petitioner on bail or interim bail, as an interim measure, " she observed.

Justice Sharma has given the ED time till April 2 to file its reply to Kejriwal's interim application seeking immediate release from ED custody and even on the main petition, issued notice to the probe agency.

The matter will be heard next on April 3.

The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) supremo, who was sent to ED custody till March 28, moved the high court against his arrest by the agency and the remand order passed by a trial court in connection with the excise policy case.

On Wednesday, Singhvi argued that the object of his arrest was not to find material but to disable Kejriwal and his party, and sought immediate release.

"Non-cooperation is one of the most abused phrases in the recent past since the ED has been active, " he said.

He also contended that his client's (Kejriwal) arrest on the cusp of elections was against the basic structure of the Constitution. He claimed that there was no necessity to arrest Kejriwal as mandated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).

Taking objection to Singhvi's prayer for an early hearing of the main petition, Additional Solicitor General S.V. Raju, appearing for the ED, said that the voluminous petition was served upon them only on Tuesday, and three weeks' time should be given to bring their stand on record.

For interim relief as well, appropriate time should be given to respond, he said.

Singhvi also argued that the challenge is to the foundation of arrest and there are several "glaring issues" that need immediate decision by the high court either way. "Democracy itself is involved. Basic structure is involved. Level playing field is involved. Even an hour spent in custody is far too long if arrest is illegal, " he said.

As Singhvi ended his submissions, he said that the entirety of the argument is that the arrest is illegal.

"In either event, in interim or final prayer, the entire case depends on two things, what the ED has already spoken. ED has already spoken on most detailed grounds of arrest."

As during all the past hearings and even on Wednesday, at least three advocates have appeared for Kejriwal, the ASG said there can't be more than one lawyer.

"If many lawyers appear for you, I'll also request three lawyers to appear for ED. Let it be a level playing field, " he said.

The ED has alleged that the Aam Adami Party (AAP) is the major beneficiary of the proceeds of crime generated in the alleged liquor scam. It termed him the "kingpin and key conspirator" in the excise policy case in collusion with AAP ministers, leaders, and other persons.

Kejriwal has been alleged to have been directly involved in the conspiracy of formulation of the excise policy to "favour certain persons" and also involved in the "demanding kickbacks from liquor businessmen" in exchange for favours granted in the said policy, the probe agency claimed.

The policy in question was being drafted considering the favours to be granted to the 'South Group' and was formed in collusion with AAP leader Vijay Nair, then Deputy CM Manish Sisodia, and members-representatives of the 'South Group'.

"Therefore, not only the AAP but Arvind Kejriwal shall be deemed to be guilty of offences punishable under Section 4 of PMLA and shall be liable to be prosecuted and punished as provided u/s 70 of PMLA, " the agency said.

FROM AMRIK  SINGH 

ANANDPUR SAHIB  MARCH  26

 Giani Raghbir Singh  jathedar of Akal  Takhat  has  congratulated  the Sikhs  for  holla mohalla. 

In  a message to the Sikh community from Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib on the occasion of Mela Hola Mahalla, a symbol of the rise of the Khalsa Panth, by congratulating the entire Sikh community of Hola Mahalla. 

He Urged to be a bearer of Shastra Giani Raghbir Singh said that today there is a great need for the Sikhs to be united in the sutra of unity. 

He said that until the Sikhs establish unity as a community, the governments will continue to push. 

He said that today the farmers of Punjab are rolling on the streets to get their rights, but when the ruling party comes to seek votes, the common people must hold them accountable 

He said that Bandi Singh has been detained in jails for 30-30 years and he is not being released even after completing his sentences. 

He said that if the Bandi Singhs who took up arms for their rights were terrorists, then the entire Khalsa Panth is a terrorist, because the Khalsa Panth has been taught by the Gurus to fight for their rights. 

He said that the government should answer that what was the crime of Bhai Amritpal Singh and other Singh, who took the young generation out of the swamp of drugs and made them Amritdharis and preached religion, whom the government sent to Dibrugarh jail, hundreds of kilometers from Punjab.

He said that if proselytizing is a sin, then every Sikh will commit this sin.The Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib has accused the central government of weakening the Sikhs religiously, economically, socially, politically, culturally and geographically and said that they have taken away the honorable profession like agriculture from the people of Punjab and handed it over to the corporate houses. Deadly tricks are being used, from which PunjabResidents need to be alert while time is running out.Giani Raghbir Singh said that today every Sikh should become a preacher of Sikhism and raise the voice of right and truth. He said that on the occasion of Hola Mahalla, every Sikh from Sri Anandpur Sahib should be a bearer of Bani-Bane.

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