Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market Seeking Growth from Emerging Study Drivers, Restraints and Forecast 2026 - KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market Seeking Growth from Emerging Study Drivers, Restraints and Forecast 2026 - KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper


Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market Seeking Growth from Emerging Study Drivers, Restraints and Forecast 2026 - KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper

Posted: 18 Jan 2021 08:12 PM PST

The Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market report provides a holistic evaluation of the market for the forecast period (2019–2025). The report comprises various segments as well as an analysis of the trends and factors that are playing a substantial role in the market. These factors; the market dynamics involve the drivers, restraints, opportunities and challenges through which the impact of these factors in the market are outlined. The drivers and restraints are intrinsic factors whereas opportunities and challenges are extrinsic factors of the market. The Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market study provides an outlook on the development of the market in terms of revenue throughout the prognosis period.

In order to present an executive-level model of the market and its future perspectives, the Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market report presents a clear segmentation based on different parameters. The factors that affect these segments are also discussed in detail in the report.

Poliomyelitis (polio) is viral infectious disease that mostly occurs in children of age group below 6 years. The polio virus transmits through contact with an infected person primarily through the fecal or oral route and sometimes with contaminated water and food. It multiplies in the intestine and attacks on nervous system which leads to paralysis. There are three types of wild polio virus (type 1, type 2, and type 3). The type 2 wild poliovirus was eliminated in 1999 and similarly, there were no cases found of wild poliovirus type 3 from 2012. Type 1 wild polio virus is causing agent of poliomyelitis and it has not yet being eradicated completely. There is no treatment available to cure poliomyelitis, only preventive vaccine are available to avoid infection of this virus.

Major Players included in this report are as follows –

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Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market: Regional analysis includes:

  • Asia-Pacific (Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Australia)
  • Europe (Turkey, Germany, Russia UK, Italy, France, etc.)
  • North America (United States, Mexico, and Canada.)
  • South America (Brazil etc.)
  • The Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt.)

The study will also feature the key companies operating in the industry, their product/business portfolio, market share, financial status, regional share, segment revenue, SWOT analysis, key strategies including mergers & acquisitions, product developments, joint ventures & partnerships an expansions among others, and their latest news as well. The study will also provide a list of emerging players in the Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market.

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Market scope

– A basic summary of the competitive landscape
– A detailed breakdown of the regional expanse
– A short overview of the segmentation

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Some of the Major Highlights of TOC covers:

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Regional Market Analysis

– Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Production by Regions
– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Production by Regions
– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Revenue by Regions
– Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Consumption by Regions

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Segment Market Analysis (by Type)

– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Production by Type
– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Revenue by Type
– Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Price by Type

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Segment Market Analysis (by Application)

– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Consumption by Application
– Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Major Manufacturers Analysis

– Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Production Sites and Area Served
– Product Introduction, Application and Specification
– Poliomyelitis Therapeutics Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Main Business and Markets Served

Key questions answered in the report:

  1. What will the market growth rate of Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  2. What are the key factors driving the Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  3. Who are the key manufacturers in Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market space?
  4. What are the market opportunities, market risk and market overview of the Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  5. What are the sales, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  6. Who are the distributors, traders and dealers of Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  7. What are the Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the Global Poliomyelitis Therapeutics industries?
  8. What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by types and applications of Poliomyelitis Therapeutics market?
  9. What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by regions of Poliomyelitis Therapeutics industries?

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– Major countries in each region are mapped according to individual market revenue.
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Vaccines and COVID-19: The latest hopeful research - Medical News Today

Posted: 18 Jan 2021 09:07 AM PST

What is the latest in COVID-19 vaccine advances? Can currently authorized vaccines protect against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants? In this Hope Behind the Headlines feature, we examine these and other questions.

New, and possibly more contagious, variants of SARS-CoV-2 — which is the virus that causes COVID-19 — are emerging in countries around the world. Add to that the fact that the global number of COVID-19 cases is currently at over 95 million, and it can be difficult to remain optimistic that we will see the end of the pandemic anytime soon.

Yet scientists have not stopped working on vaccines, which are key to controlling the spread of the new coronavirus in the long run.

In this Hope Behind the Headlines feature, we look at what experts have to say about whether or not currently authorized vaccines are likely to protect us against new SARS-CoV-2 variants.

We also give an overview of a promising vaccine candidate currently under trial, which has recently made the headlines.

Experts have explained time and again that in order to contain SARS-CoV-2 and prevent more coronavirus outbreaks in the future, vaccines are of utmost importance.

At the moment, there are eight COVID-19 vaccines with authorization in countries around the world.

So far, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, which is an mRNA vaccine, has gained authorization for use in 50 countries. These include the United States, the United Kingdom, and the 27 countries that make up the European Union.

The vaccine developed by Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is also an mRNA vaccine, is currently authorized in 36 countries. These include the U.S., the U.K., and E.U. countries.

Sputnik V, which is a viral vector vaccine developed by the Russian research institute Gamaleya, is authorized in eight countries: Algeria, Argentina, Belarus, Bolivia, Guinea, Russia, Serbia, and West Bank.

Close on its heels is the Oxford-AstraZeneca viral vector vaccine, which has gained use authorization in seven countries. These are Argentina, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Mexico, Morocco, and the U.K.

Other vaccines that have gained authorization in certain countries are:

  • Covishield, a viral vector vaccine authorized in India
  • Covaxin, an inactivated vaccine authorized in India
  • the Sinopharm vaccine, also inactivated, which is authorized in six countries, including China, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates
  • the Sinovac vaccine, also inactivated, which is authorized in China, Indonesia, and Turkey

At a global forum held on January 15, 2021, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus — the World Health Organization's (WHO) director-general — said:

"The development and approval of several safe and effective vaccines less than a year after this virus was isolated and sequenced is an astounding scientific accomplishment."

The U.K. has been enforcing new lockdowns in the face of ever-increasing cases of COVID-19. These rising numbers may be due to a new, and seemingly more infectious, variant of SARS-CoV-2.

South Africa and Brazil have also reported the emergence of new variants that have led to some concern.

One of the main questions that people around the world are asking in relation to emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 is this: Will COVID-19 vaccines be effective against them?

So far, specialists and the pharmaceutical companies that produce currently available vaccines have expressed optimism that the vaccines will be effective against emerging variants and strains.

When speaking to Medical News Today earlier this month, both Pfizer and the NIAID declared that there is no reason to suspect that their vaccines would not work against the SARS-CoV-2 variant identified in the U.K.

"At present, NIAID scientists believe that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines supported by Operation Warp Speed will provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 [U.K. variant], including […] Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]."

Both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna-NIAID, whose vaccines are currently authorized for use in the U.S. and U.K., offer mRNA vaccines. These contain genetic information from the virus.

Our cells then make the viral Spike protein encoded in this information and present it to our immune system. This, in turn, allows our immune system to "learn" to fight off the virus, which will equip us for future infections with SARS-CoV-2.

According to experts, mRNA technology is adaptable enough that, in theory, scientists could easily "tweak" mRNA vaccines so as to ensure effectiveness against emerging variants or strains of a virus.

Dr. Uğur Şahin, the CEO of BioNTech, has declared that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine should work against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, against which his colleagues have already tested the vaccine. He has also noted that, in any case, their vaccine is easily adaptable.

Other scientists have also noted that at least some of the COVID-19 vaccines that have gained authorization around the world should be adaptable so as to remain effective against emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.

In relation to the variant that emerged in South Africa, Dr. Julian W. Tang — a clinical virologist from the University of Leicester in the U.K. — has commented:

"Even if the South African variant becomes more widespread and dominant, the mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) and adenovirus-vectored (Oxford-AstraZeneca and Russian Sputnik V) vaccines can be modified to be more close-fitting and effective against this variant in a few months."

"Meanwhile," he added, "most of us believe that the existing vaccines are likely to work to some extent to reduce infection/transmission rates and severe disease against both the U.K. and South African variants — as the various mutations have not altered the S protein [which helps the virus gain entry into healthy cells] shape that the current vaccine-induced antibodies will not bind at all."

Although some vaccines have already gained use authorization in various countries, there are still many vaccine candidates currently undergoing clinical trials.

Some of the candidates in late-stage trials are showing promise, offering hope that more vaccines may become available around the world by the end of 2021.

A top contender is the vaccine candidate developed by pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson. This candidate is also known as the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine candidate.

Johnson & Johnson's experimental viral vector vaccine uses a modified adenovirus, or a common cold virus, as the vaccine candidate "base." This carries the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein.

Unlike some of the vaccines that have already gained use authorization, the company are testing this vaccine candidate as both a single-dose and a two-dose regimen to create immunity.

The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine candidate was already showing some promise in early trials, though these briefly paused in October 2020 due to one of the trial participants developing "unexplained illness."

Trials have since resumed, and the company have recently made available the interim results from phases 1 and 2.

These results indicate that the vaccine candidate was well tolerated by participants overall, suggesting that it is safe. The vaccine candidate also appeared to induced an immune response in those who received it, suggesting that it may also be effective against SARS-CoV-2.

The phase 3 trial data should also be available by the end of January, according to a Johnson & Johnson statement. Once these data are available, the company are hoping to file for FDA emergency use authorization.

According to a recent New York Times report, Dr. Paul Stoffels — the chief scientific officer at Johnson & Johnson — has commented that "hopefully somewhere in March [the company will] be able to contribute" to vaccination efforts in the U.S.

For live updates on the latest developments regarding the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, click here.

High-Dose Vitamin C, Dr. Marik's “MATH+” and “HAT” Protocols Continue To Save Lives - WholeFoods Magazine

Posted: 22 Jan 2021 09:14 AM PST

Do the Math: "MATH+" Saves Lives

Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, December 23, 2020
By Michael Passwater

As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic moved into North America, five experienced critical care physicians formed the "Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance" (FLCCC Alliance) (1). This working group, initially composed of critical care physicians Pierre Kory, G. Umberto Meduri, Jose Iglesias, Joseph Varon, and Paul Marik, was and remains devoted to developing and refining treatment protocols against COVID-19. In 2017, with the addition of intravenous hydroxycortisone  (cortisol), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and thiamine (vitamin B1) to standard sepsis care, Dr. Paul Marik found great success against sepsis, including septic shock. This became known as "HAT" therapy for sepsis, and was a starting point for the FLCCC Alliance in the battle against COVID-19. Given the complexity of COVID-19, the "HAT" therapy was quickly expanded to the "MATH+" protocol for the care of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

M = Methylprednisolone; 80 mg loading dose then 40 mg q 12 hours for at least 7 days and until transferred out of the ICU

A = Ascorbic acid; 3 g IV q 6 hours for at least 7 days and/or until transferred out
of ICU.

T = Thiamine; 200 mg IV q 12 hours

H = Heparin (low molecular weight heparin); 1 mg/Kg subcutaneous q 12 hours, unless contraindicated

+ = Vitamin D3, melatonin, zinc, magnesium, B complex vitamins, atervastin, famotdine, and therapeutic plasma exchange if indicated

Early intervention and avoiding mechanical ventilation were also key aspects of their approach. The results through July 2020 at two hospitals implementing the MATH+ protocol have completed peer review and are now published online (2). What they found seems miraculous. Dr. Joseph Varon's team at United Memorial Medical Center in Houston, TX, treated 140 hospitalized COVID-19 patients through July with a survival rate of 95.6%, and Dr. Paul Marik's team at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital in Norfolk, VA, treated 191 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a survival rate of 93.9%. A difference between the sites is that UMMC begins the protocol in the Emergency Department whereas Norfolk General begins the protocol in the ICU. In comparison, 461 other hospitals in the USA, UK, and China not using the MATH+ protocol had published survival rates ranging from 68% to 84.4%. With the CDC reporting over 5,000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States during the last week of November, wide use of the MATH+ could represent many thousands of additional survivors over the coming months. As of December 18, 2020, the number of physicians reporting using some or all of the MATH+ protocol has grown to above 120.

The article concludes:

"…the varied pathophysiologic mechanisms identified in COVID-19 likely require multiple therapeutic agents working in concert to counteract the diverse, deleterious consequences of this aberrant immune response. It is exceedingly unlikely that a "magic bullet" will be found, or even a medicine which would be effective at multiple stages of the disease. The MATH+ treatment protocol instead offers an inexpensive combination of medicines with a well-known safety profile based on strong physiologic rationale and an increasing clinical evidence base which potentially offers a life-saving approach to the management of COVID-19 patients."

Surviving a hospital stay is great, but staying well enough to not need inpatient hospital care is even better. The FLCCC Alliance has developed the I-MASK protocol for outpatient care (3). In October, the medication ivermectin was added to the inpatient (MATH+) and outpatient (I-MASK) protocols. Ivermectin is an inexpensive, widely available medication earning the 2015 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for its anti-parasitic effects (4). It appears to be an effective
anti-viral agent as well (5-9).

This study adds to the pile of dozens of publications, including two prospective randomized controlled trials with vitamin D, associating better COVID-19 outcomes with sufficient vitamin D, zinc, vitamin C, and/or selenoproteins (10-20).

Dr. Joseph Varon has worked 270 consecutive days and counting. He and his team use the MATH+ protocol, and see >95% of their COVID-19 patients survive.

Discoveries and reminders from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic:

  1. Ascorbic acid is very effective in the battle against known and unknown infectious agents. This has been known since the 1940s. Dr. Marik's recent work has helped expand our understanding of the anti-inflammatory and endothelial cell (blood vessel) healing synergism from co-administration of ascorbic acid and cortisol (21-40).
    • The three biggest life-threatening aspects of serious COVID-19 disease are hyper-inflammation, hyper-coagulation, and severe hypoxia. Ascorbic acid's impact on immune cells, endothelial cells, and airway tissues helps to mitigate all three concerns (21-23,31,41-53).
    • In the critical care setting, the intravenous coadministration of cortisol and ascorbic acid has been shown to begin reversal of glycocalyx and endothelial cell damage within minutes.
    • Frequent dosing to maintain a steady state is better, because ascorbic acid has a short half-life. Early intervention is better, because activated white blood cells are dependent on a high level of ascorbic acid. Taking gram quantities with each meal, and increasing intake to bowel tolerance during illness, is helpful. When ill, it is necessary to take ascorbic acid throughout the day; much more than can be absorbed in one sitting.
  1. Nutrients do not work alone; observational and/or interventional studies that test the effect of administering single nutrients are likely to miss confounding factors and essential synergies needed for optimal benefit and accurate assessment (54-56).
  2. Maintaining a vitamin D blood level of 40 – 80 ng/mL is a key part of optimizing immune health.
    • Vitamin D is a powerful hormone, impacting the expression and function of over 3,000 genes, and is a major component of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Dr. Will Taylor has shown that two of these genes, TRXND1 and GCLC, become an important battleground during SARS-Cov-2 infection. He has shown that the virus suppresses expression of genes associated with key antioxidants, regulators of DNA synthesis, ferroptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (TXNRD1, TXNRD3, GCLC, GPX4, SELENOF, SELENOK, SELENOM, SELENOS), while vitamin D significantly upregulates two of these genes: TXNRD1 and GCLC (57).
    • Studies of healthy tribal populations in non-industrialized countries have shown blood vitamin D levels of 40 ng/mL (58).
    • In 1903, Niels Ryberg Finsen received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases…with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" (59).
    • Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death, ICU death, and COVID-19 death (15,60,61).
    • Magnesium is an essential cofactor in vitamin D metabolism (as well as being an essential co-factor for biologically active ATP). (60).
    • Balancing D3 intake with vitamin K2 is important for optimal calcium metabolism and distribution. A ratio of 125-250 mcg (5,000-10,000 IU) D3 to 100 mcg K2 MK7 is helpful (62,63).
    • Renal disease seriously impairs D3 and selenoprotein metabolism (64,65).
  3. Vitamin D and Selenium are intimately connected in human biochemistry.
    • Dr. Schutze et al published in 1999 that the effective upregulation of TXNRD1 by vitamin D3 required an adequate level of selenium (66).
    • Both D3 and the essential amino acid selenocysteine must be present in adequate quantities for effective production of several selenoproteins in humans (67).
    • Co-supplementation with D3 and L-cysteine has been shown to improve the status of GSH, CYP24A1, and vitamin D regulatory genes including greater upregulation of PGC-1alpha, NRF2, and GLUT-4 gene expression compared to D3 alone (68).
    • GSH, in turn, increases circulating vitamin D and augments the actions of vitamin D (69-71).
  1. Vitamin D and selenoproteins are necessary for the formation and maintenance of immune memory cells. Not only does insufficiency increase the risk of infectious illness, it also impacts the lasting benefit of adaptive immunity from the infection. This may also have implications for the success of vaccination efforts (12,13,72-75).
  2. Selenium concentrations of 70-150 ng/mL are consistent with good health in the general population. Blood selenoprotein P levels of 4.3 +/- 1.0 mg/L have been associated with improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients; maintenance of Zn and SELENOP within the reference range has been shown to indicate high survival odds (14,76-78).
  3. Germ theory is helpful, but the host constitution still matters. Inadequate nutrition remains global and national public health enemy #1.
    • Host factors impact the pathogenicity of many viruses. Many impactful host factors are modifiable and related to nutrition (79-83).
    • Some viruses mutate into more harmful strains when they replicate within a malnourished environment—particularly in selenium deficient environments. "Second-hand malnutrition" is an underappreciated concept. As long as people are malnourished, more virulent strains are likely to continue to emerge which then also put nourished people at risk due to the viral mutations (84).
    • Fighting infections greatly increases metabolic demand on the human body. Viruses need nutrients too; theft and/or destruction of host nutrients and essential proteins further impacts the need for additional nutrients for people to eliminate and recover from infections (76, 85-87).

Is it ethical to continue COVID-19 vaccine trials? - Medical News Today

Posted: 04 Jan 2021 12:00 AM PST

The recent authorization of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use in the United States poses an ethical dilemma for researchers conducting ongoing clinical trials. In particular, what is their responsibility toward participants who received placebo injections?

All data and statistics are based on publicly available data at the time of publication. Some information may be out of date.

Over the past few weeks, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have given emergency use authorization (EUA) to two COVID-19 vaccines, one by Pfizer-BioNtech and one by Moderna.

As a result, in the coming months, millions of the most vulnerable people in the U.S. will receive a vaccine that protects them against the disease.

This is good news, but it does pose an ethical dilemma for researchers conducting ongoing clinical trials of these and other COVID-19 vaccines. More than 180 candidate vaccines against the disease are in development, with at least 12 in phase 3 clinical trials.

Clinical trials investigate whether or not a vaccine is safe and effective by giving it to around half of all the volunteers (and giving a placebo vaccination to the rest). The trials are "double blind," meaning that neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants received the vaccine and which received the placebo.

According to guidance issued by the FDA in June 2020, in the event of a COVID-19 vaccine being judged safe and effective, there may be a case for "unblinding" trials and offering the vaccine to those who received the placebo.

Given that the treatment options remain limited for anyone who develops a severe, life threatening case of COVID-19, it may be in the best interests of trial participants to receive one of the two proven vaccines as soon as possible.

Is it, therefore, unethical to continue placebo-controlled clinical trials of these two vaccines? Also, should researchers use placebos in trials of other COVID-19 vaccines?

Bioethicists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, address these complex ethical issues in an opinion piece in the latest issue of the journal Science.

The authors emphasize that vaccine researchers need to take other factors into consideration when they decide whether or not to continue trials as originally planned.

They write that even if early results have found some vaccines to be safe and effective, continuing to conduct trials may bring further benefits for society.

For example, due to the challenges of manufacturing sufficient quantities as rapidly as possible, several different vaccines may be necessary to meet global demand. Also, in parts of the world with poor health infrastructures, vaccines that need to be stored and transported at very low temperatures — as is the case for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine — are impractical.

In addition, some vaccines may be more effective than others at protecting particular groups, such as older people or those with comorbidities.

"This highlights the potential social value of conducting additional trials after one or more vaccine candidates are found to be safe and efficacious," they write.

Even after the FDA grant EUA to a vaccine, conducting further research may provide additional information and reassurance about its safety and efficacy before offering it to millions of people.

Some commentators argue that once a clinical trial has gathered enough data to show that one arm of the trial is superior to the other — or superior to what is available outside the trial — it is no longer ethical to continue the research.

According to this view, the authors write, "researchers conducting clinical trials are obligated to treat participants consistent with their clinical interests," and so it is no longer ethical to give participants a placebo once scientists have identified a safe and efficacious vaccine.

"We disagree," they write. "This view fails to recognize that the obligations researchers have to their participants are distinct from the obligations that clinicians have to their patients."

They point out that there are mechanisms in place to protect people who take part in clinical trials. For example, volunteers must give their informed consent before they can participate.

In addition, an independent board known as an Institutional Review Board will only approve plans for trials if they consider the balance of individual risks and potential social benefits to be acceptable.

The authors say that it can be ethically appropriate to invite participants to accept some risks in order to collect data that benefit wider society. They write:

"In particular, codes and guidelines around the world permit researchers to expose participants in clinical trials, including vaccine trials, to some risks to collect socially valuable data that cannot be obtained in a less risky way."

They list several social benefits that continuing trials may provide, including:

  • greater confidence in a vaccine's efficacy
  • additional safety data, such as any uncommon or delayed side effects
  • an estimate of how long a vaccine's protective effect lasts
  • insight into a vaccine's impact on subgroups such as older people or those with preexisting conditions

They conclude:

"With careful planning and systematic assessment of the social value and risks, we believe it can be ethical to conduct some placebo-controlled trials of vaccine candidates for COVID-19 even after we have an efficacious vaccine. Doing so may be necessary to effectively address a pandemic that is causing so much harm around the world."

Even if experts judge the risks to participants to outweigh any potential benefits, particularly for medically vulnerable individuals, they write that researchers still have several options.

Among these are "unblinding" the trial and offering the vaccine to participants who received the placebo, then following them up to collect additional data.

Finally, they note that researchers who are designing new clinical trials might consider comparing their vaccine candidate with one of the authorized COVID-19 vaccines rather than a placebo.

For live updates on the latest developments regarding the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, click here.

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