Afib: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
systolic heart failure symptoms :: Article Creator Chronic Heart Failure - Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction Topic Review Introduction Chronic heart failure is a syndrome, not a specific disease, and occurs as a final common pathway in multiple disease states. The pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (HF) exists when either the left ventricle, the right ventricle, or both, require elevated filling pressures to maintain cardiac output. The neurohormonal responses to impaired cardiac function constitute a negative feedback cycle that is an integral part of the HF syndrome and, to date, blockade of that cycle is the most effective pharmacologic approach to management. HF can be due to the following: Systolic dysfunction with reduced ejection fraction - HFrEF Diastolic dysfunction abnormal relaxation or impaired filling with preserved ejection fraction - HFpEF Valvular heart disease ...