Poliomyelitis

Itching in a man's private parts can be a symptom of many different conditions, including jock itch, eczema or sexually transmitted diseases. While the itching may go away with simple measures, treatment and medication may be needed in some cases. Although an itch on any part of the body is frustrating, itchy private parts add more exasperation and embarrassment. If you have ever experienced itching in and around your genitals, then you might know that the more you scratch the area, the more irritable it becomes. Itching in a man's private parts can be caused by several reasons, such as: Tinea cruris, also called jock itch, is a type of fungal infection that causes redness and itching in the warm and moist areas of the body, such as the groins, buttocks and inner thighs. Eczema and other types of dermatitis are allergie...

Cause and transmission Although the route of H pylori transmission is not entirely understood, the bacterium appears to travel to its host through direct contact with another human or by way of a contaminated environment. 4 H pylori infects the epithelial lining of the stomach and is most commonly acquired through interpersonal contact during childhood. 4,5 Human-to-human transfer can be classified as vertical or horizontal. Many studies focus on vertical transmission, where H pylori is transferred between family members. Studies suggest that H pylori transfer between family members is common because family members are in close contact and can share a genetic makeup that predisposes them to H pylori infection. In addition, families are often exposed to a common source of infection and are often of the same socioeconomic status. In developed countries where the incidence of H pylori infections is low, maternal transfer to children is thought to be the primary source of infection....

Émilie Jaumain in 2010, the year she was exposed to prions during a lab accident. She died in 2019 at age 33. ARMEL HOUEL By Barbara Casassus Jul. 28, 2021 , 4:35 AM PARIS— Five public research institutions in France have imposed a 3-month moratorium on the study of prions—a class of misfolding, infectious proteins that cause fatal brain diseases—after a retired lab worker who handled prions in the past was diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common prion disease in humans. An investigation is underway to find out whether the patient, who worked at a lab run by the National Research Institute for Agriculture,...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune condition that causes inflammation, swelling, and pain. It can also affect the immune system. As a result, people with RA are more susceptible to viral illnesses, such as influenza, or flu. They are also at greater risk of flu-related complications. This information comes from the Arthritis Foundation (AF). The viruses that cause flu are different from the viruses that cause colds. Unlike most colds, the flu can lead to serious illness. For people with RA, the benefits of getting the flu vaccine often outweigh any potential risks. In this article, we take a closer look at the flu vaccine and RA, including the vaccine's benefits, effectiveness, and potential side effects. We also discuss other ways to protect against viral illnesses. Yes, people with RA can get the flu vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that everyone aged 6 months old or older receive an annual flu vaccination. The rare exceptions to th...

Jock itch happens when a specific species of fungus builds up on the skin, growing out of control and causing inflammation. It's also called tinea cruris. Common symptoms of jock itch include: Most cases of jock itch are mild and easily treated. But there are some activities and "treatments" that can make jock itch symptoms last longer. Let's dive into what can make jock itch worse, how to tell jock itch apart from other similar conditions, and how to successfully treat jock itch. There are a few things you might do that unintentionally make your jock itch worse. Here are some examples: Working out. This can cause the infected skin to chafe against nearby skin or with clothing and irritate it, making the skin more susceptible to a worsening infection. Having poor hygiene habits. Using improperly cleaned, damp towels or clothing, and not keeping skin dry may promote infection. Using the wrong treatment. Spreading an anti-itch cream, such as hydrocortisone, on the infe...

What GAO Found The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) took steps—such as issuing guidance and trainings—to support the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Community Living Centers (CLC), which are VA-owned and -operated nursing homes. This guidance focused on, for example, limiting CLC entry and testing residents and staff for COVID-19, while the trainings were intended to prepare staff for, among other things, a surge in cases. However, the agency conducted limited oversight of infection prevention and control in these facilities during the first year of the pandemic, from March 2020 through February 2021. In particular, the agency suspended annual in-person inspections of CLCs before resuming them virtually in February 2021. The agency also required that CLCs conduct a one-time self-assessment of their infection prevention and control practices but did not review the results in a timely manner to make more immediate improvements. VA officials acknowledged these shor...

[unable to retrieve full-text content] Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia in The Gambia: 10 years of population-based surveillance    The Lancet

Vaccine hesitancy is a global issue, despite considerable evidence that vaccines are safe and effective. 7,8 In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that vaccine hesitancy was a global health threat, 9 and in the United States there has been an uptick in vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, along with growing vaccine hesitancy. 7,10 The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with vaccine skepticism. The results of a recent survey on COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy in the United States found that during the first 6 months of the pandemic there was an increase in vaccine hesitancy and a decrease in the intention to get the anticipated COVID-19 vaccination and the seasonal influenza vaccine. 11 On December 11, 2020, the FDA authorized the use of the first COVID-19 vaccine, from Pfizer-BioNTech, under an emergency use authorization (EUA). 12 Since that time, the FDA has also granted EUAs to the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines. 13 As of June...

Some people with asthma have reported that their asthma symptoms worsened after they received the COVID-19 vaccine. However, there is no evidence that the vaccine worsens asthma symptoms or that asthma makes the COVID-19 vaccine more dangerous. People with moderate-to-severe asthma do have a higher risk of hospitalization if they develop COVID-19. Research shows that the COVID-19 mortality rate is also higher among these individuals. Due to this, any purported or hypothetical risks associated with asthma and the COVID-19 vaccine are less significant than the very real risks of getting COVID-19. People with asthma often also have underlying allergies. These allergies can trigger asthma symptoms, making them worse. There is no evidence so far that asthma increases the risk of an allergic reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine, though. Rates of allergic reactions to the vaccine — including the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines — are much lower than rates of allergic reactions to other sub...

Abstract Social and cultural forces shape almost every aspect of infectious disease transmission in human populations, as well as our ability to measure, understand, and respond to epidemics. For directly transmitted infections, pathogen transmission relies on human-to-human contact, with kinship, household, and societal structures shaping contact patterns that in turn determine epidemic dynamics. Social, economic, and cultural forces also shape patterns of exposure, health-seeking behaviour, infection outcomes, the likelihood of diagnosis and reporting of cases, and the uptake of interventions. Although these social aspects of epidemiology are hard to quantify and have limited the generalizability of modelling frameworks in a policy context, new sources of data on relevant aspects of human behaviour are increasingly available. Researchers have begun to embrace data from mobile devices and other technologies as useful proxies for behavioural drivers of disease transmission, but there i...